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MAIN HERBS FOR THE MENOPAUSE
Agnus castus (Vitex/ chasteberry). This is a popular herb at the menopause because it stimulates and normalizes the function of the pituitary gland which controls and balances the hormones in our body. So agnus castus works to restore balance and is used where there is a hormone deficit as well as where there is a hormone excess. Uses:•     regulates periods,•     helps with heavy bleeding or too-frequent periods,•     alleviates pre-menstrual symptoms,•     helps with painful periods,•     reduces hot flushes,•     can increase the ratio of progesterone to oestrogen by balancing excess oestrogen.
Black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) This herb was used by the North American Indians. Like agnus castus it is another good normaliser for the female hormone system. Uses:•     helps with painful periods,•     helps regain hormone balance,•     reduces hot flushes,•     helps with pre-menstrual symptoms,•     reduces water retention.
Blue cohosh (Caulophyllum   thalictroides) this herb is again from North America and is sometimes called squaw or papoose root. Uses:•     helps regulate periods,•    helps where there is a weakness or loss of tone in the womb.
False unicorn root (Chamaelirium luteum) From North America and a good tonic and strengthener for the reproductive system. Use:•     has a balancing effect on the hormones.
Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) This herb, which is common in England, is known as the ideal fever remedy because it has the ability to lower the body temperature. Uses:•     alleviates hot flushes and night sweats,•     alleviates heavy bleeding,•     helps with painful periods.
Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) This herb helps to cleanse the liver – the organ of detoxification which also helps to get rid of accumulated ‘old’ female hormones. If the liver is functioning effectively, this prevents excess oestrogen from building up, so reducing the risk of breast growths and other cell changes. Use:•     reduces water retention.
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BIO-DIVERSITY: STRATEGIES TO CONSERVE BIODIVERSITYBiological diversity is basic to both ecological and food security. Sustainable advances in biological productivity will not be possible without access to biological diversity. As pointed out by IUCN as many as 60,000 plants species may be in danger of extinction or serious gene erosion during the next 30 to 40 years. Current estimate by the Threatened Plants Committee of the Survival Service Commission (TPC, SSC) of IUCN indicates that an average of 1 to 10 of the species of the vascular plant on the earth are endangered or threatened. Today, many natural habitats are being destroyed. Forest cover is diminishing especially in the tropics, wetlands are reducing, forest vegetation is being infested with weeds. During the next few decades many plant species will become extinct or other wild populations severely eroded genetically unless preventive measures are taken. It is now realised that an integrated approach is necessary in conserving the global species biodiversity. The necessity of conserving such rare species is now well recognised by various organisations such as MAB, IUCN, BGCI, CITES, WWF, FAO, NCEPC, TPC, SSC, etc. Although, a wide range of different policies and legal measures for the conservation of biodiversity exists which vary from country to country depending on the social, political and economic environment, following measures for conserving biodiversity are suggested by various organisations at national and international level:
(i) Initiation of programmes in listing of threatened species, their rational uses and measures for their conservation as suggested by International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, National Committee on Environment Planning and Coordination (NCEPC) and National Committee on Man and Biosphere (MBA).
(ii) Botanical gardens and Arboreta in the world (about 1 500) visited by over 1 50 million people in a year, are therefore, ideal places to convince the public of importance of plant conservation. The Botanic Garden Conservation Strategy prepared by IUCN is intended tostimulate a far greater involvement by botanic gardens in implementing the World Conservation Strategy. The strategy also recommends collaboration at National and International level through the IUCN Botanic Gardens Conservation Secretariat. Unity of world’s botanicgardens represent a great force for conservation Anno, 74,76.(iii) Botanic gardens act as an information centre and clearing house for conservation related matter as well as undertaking practical conservation activities both in situ and exsitu. The role that individual garden can play islikely to be much more effective as it is part of a coordinated national or regional policy.
(iv) Conservation on International Trade in Endangered Species of world Fauna and Flora (CITES) provides an international legal framework to the regulation of trade in those endangered plant and animal species that are exploited commercially. CITES allows trade in plantspecies that can withstand current rates of exploitation but present trade in those that face extinction.
(v) United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) met as the “Earth Summit” at Rio-de-Janeiro suggested following efforts to save the earth and its biodiversity :
a) There is a general global consensus that by the end of 2050, global temperature will have risen significantly (Haughton et.al., 1990). Such climate change could lead to large impact on individual organisms, communities, natural ecosystems,and global biochemical cycles,and ultimately effect biodiversity. Recently, so called “Green house gases emission” (Co2, methane, chlorofluore-carbons) in the atmosphere have a large impacts on global biochemical cycles and the climatic system. This increase results primarily from human industrial and agricultural activities. During “Earth summit” a 20 per cent cut in green house gas emissions was proposed. It was also suggested to shift from use of coal and wood for energy.The restriction of the felling of forest trees in biodiver-sitically rich tropical countries, is suggested through legal binding.Measures and steps suggested to control population and remove poverty as these aspects are the main reasons for deforestation.Technology transfer to clean up pollutant and improve energy efficiency.Development must be conservation based; it must protect the structure, function and diversity of the world natural system on which our species depends.
To conserve the earth’s vitality and diversity following four action are needed :
i) Pollution must be prevented.ii) Maintain the integrity of earth’s ecosystems.
For this, we need to conserve life support.systems or ecological processes that keep the pianet fit for life.
iii) The target of Conservation of biological diversity can beachieved by the establishment and maintenance ofprotected areas, protection of species and geneticstocks and strategies that combine economic use andconservation over broad areas. The management ofexisting protected areas need improvement. Scientificunderstanding of species and ecosystem must beenhanced.iv) Ensure that the use of biological resources is sustainable.
At the time of meeting of International consultation on conservation of medicinal plant of WHO/ IUCN/ WWF held in Chiang Mai on 21-26 March 1988, all health professionals and the plant conservationists committed to the collective goal of “Health for all” by the year 2,000 through the primary health care approach and to the principles of conservation and sustainable development outlined in the World Conservation Strategy.There was a call to all people to commit themselves to : ”SAVE THE PLANTS THAT SAVE US”*18\218\2*

Has the tongue been given the power to speak only in order to create unhappiness? Certainly not. The apostle Paul reminded his fellow workers to consider everything lovable and well spoken of, for the contrary use of the tongue is the root of nothing but grief and vexation. Loving, heart-warming words, words of instruction and upbuilding admonition, comfort and encouragement should pass over the lips, so that this little organ of speech may truly become a blessing. But this can only be if the heart is properly conditioned, if it has the desire to be a friend to friends, to lend a helping hand to someone in need or distress, and to overcome even hostile attitudes with goodness. In this way the tongue will become a dispenser of kindness and benevolence.

What enhances and endears springtime to us? Is it not the lovely songs of birds? Their little throats fill the air with songs of grati­tude, of sheer joy and devotion. We too have been endowed with the ability to sing and can, like the birds, give vent to our joyful exuberance in harmonious song.
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Even though we know something about the anatomical structure] and the functions of the tongue, we have by no means exhausted the full extent of its operations and capabilities. We know, of course, that we owe the gift of oral communication to the tongue. But that is not all. The tongue is at the same time the ‘voice’ of) the heart, the figurative seat of the ability to feel, think and make decisions. This little organ thus may be a source of blessing ori curse for ourselves and others.

From the Bible we learn that horses and ships are easier to manoeuvre and control than the tongue. Though small in size, the tongue can, metaphorically speaking, ignite a ‘fire’ so devastating that it destroys a forest.

How sad is its influence when spreading evil gossip and, by doingi so, slandering friends and dear companions. Envy and hatred, too,] make use of this nimble little instrument of the soul when sending out its poisonous arrows to do harm to successful fellowmen. As slick as oil, the tongue obeys the voice of temptation, for the chosen \ victim cannot escape its treacherous influence. Many a tongue cannot distinguish between ‘yes’ and ‘no’, so that its contradictions,] hypocrisy and lies play a part in destroying the innocent. A disap-l pointed person may pour out the bitterness of his heart throug the tongue and infect or poison others. What dreadful words maj be uttered through this inconspicuous little organ in the mouth the mentally deranged! The confused state of mind and inner con­flict of such a person often seems to surface by means of the tongue. It is hard for a healthy, normal person to understand or face such an outburst.
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